Physiology

 Physiology

 

Nervous system

 

• If the active transport of calcium is inhibited in a muscle about to relax, then what will happen?
• Summation of potential does not take place in an action potential. Explain.
• Which ganglion fibers are myelinated?
• What is the adaptation of nerve fiber?
• Conduction of nerve impulse in thick nerve .explain.
• What is ECG? Explain its significance.
• Differentiate b/w :

(1)   Temporal and spatial arrangement

(2)   P & T waves of ECG

• Write short notes on:-

(1)   acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter

(2) blood-brain barrier

• Draw a well-labeled diagram of action potential in a neuron & explain the ionic basis of the action potential of myelinated nerve fibers.
• Explain if nerve endings adapt, and nerve fibers accommodate.
• Draw a neat labeled diagram of the conduction of nerve impulses.
• Define a neurotransmitter.
• Define a synapse.
• Discuss the role of sodium ion & potassium ion channels in a nerve action potential.
• Explain diagrammatically the role of the neuromuscular junction.
• Discuss briefly different electroencephalographic waves.
• Write a short note on sarcotubular system.
• Diagram of the neuron.
• Explain why neurotransmitter binds for an extremely short period of time to their receptors.

 

Cardiovascular system & blood

• Define polycythemia.
• Differentiate b/w wind vessel vessels & resistance vessels.
• Differentiate b/w sphincter & valve
• Discuss briefly:-

(1)   SA node as a pacemaker of the heart

(2)   Characteristics of normal ECG

• RBC without a nucleus can carry out normal functions for 120 days. How?
• What is phagocytosis?
• Write short notes on cardiac output (CO) & anemia.
• What is hemostasis? Explain its mechanism.
• Define end-diastolic volume.
• Differentiate between serum and lymph, graded and action potential.
• The resting heartbeat is 55 beats per minute calculating normal cardiac output comments upon cardiac output and blood pressure if a person undergoes vigorous exercise.
• What is the role of platelets in hemostasis?
• How is iron stored and transported in the body?
• Cardiac output is 7 ltr per minute which means arterial pressure is 140 mm hg. What is the person's total peripheral resistance?
• Hematocrit given-35% is there decreased count of RBC?
• Discuss the causes of leucocytosis & leucopenia?
• Differentiate b/w osmotic pressure & oncotic pressure?
• Differentiate b/w turbulent & streamline / laminar flow?
• Aspirin plays an essential role in the prevention of stroke. Explain.
• Write a short note on basophils & differentiate b/w macrophages & neutrophils?
• Define cardiac cycle?
• What will happen if iron in haem is present in Fe 3+ form?
• If Hb was dissolved in plasma then what will happen?
• What is the significance of the frank-starling mechanism?
• Differentiate between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood clotting.
• Anemia can be never hyperchromic why?
• MCHC never exceeds 38% why?
• RBC count is less in females why?
• Why blood does not clot in circulation.
• Jaundice Vs Carotemia.

 

Respiratory System

 

• Define vital capacity.
• Define Eupnea and dyspnea.
• Explain the significance of the sigmoidal behavior of oxy  Hb. Dissociation curve.
• Atrial contraction is not necessary for the ventricular filling to explain?
• Alveolar ventilation is always less than minute ventilation.
• Transport of carbon dioxide in the blood.
• The binding of oxygen with Hb is called oxygenation and not oxidation why>
• Why is chloride ion in RBC in venous blood is greater than in RBC of arterial blood? Describe the mechanism for this difference.
• Explain BOHR’s effect.
• Diagram of oxy Hb dissociation curve.
• Why is HCO 3 negative the most important extracellular buffer?
• Changes in the pressure of carbon dioxide are the more potent regulators of respiration than changes in the pressure of oxygen.
• Increasing alveolar ventilation increased blood PH explain?
• pKa value of bicarbonate buffer is 6.8, still it is the most important extracellular buffer.
• Expiration Vs Inspiration, carotid body Vs Aortic body.
• Valsava Vs mullers manoeun.

 

Excretory system

• Define tubular load and end-diastolic volume
• How do intercalated cells secrete H+ in distal convoluted tubules?
• What is the juxtaglomerular complex? Explain diagrammatically
• Comment:- PCT is responsible for the reabsorption of 65% of glomerular filtrate
• What do you understand by the term counter current multiplies? Explain its role in enhancing medullary osmolality.
• Write a short note on diuretics.
• The renal threshold for glucose is 300mg per ml; glucosuria takes place at a plasma conc. Of 200mg per ml. why?
• Discuss factors that regulate GFR.
• Change in plasma osmolarity is more powerful in controlling ADH secretion than a change in blood volume?
• Why are large amt. of solutes 1^st filtered and then reabsorbed?
• Why are loop diuretics considered the most effective diuretics?

 

Muscle tissue & skeletal system

• Define rigor
• Write short notes on muscle twitch & muscle tone
• Explain the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction
• Differentiate b/w red & white muscle fibers
• Analyze how skeletal muscle prioritizes different energy sources for its contraction?
• Why is the maximum efficiency of muscle contraction seen when contracts at moderate velocity?
• The difference in the effect of increased Ca 2+ on cardiac & skeletal muscles.
• Define tetany
• What is the significance of frank starling's law?

 

Sensory organs

 

• Would a person have vision if all cones of the retina are destroyed?
• Discuss how visual information is processed by the retina
• Accommodation reflex for far vision
• Define sensitivity of vision
• Photo transduction of retina
• Explain the physiology of hearing & balancing by the internal ear

 

Endocrine system

 

·         Differentiate b/w antagonist & agonist hormones

·         Pancreas is never self-digested by its enzymes

·         Plot the relationship of Ca 2+ conc. Vs parathyroid hormone conc.

·         Note on adenohypophysis

·         What are the effect of cholecystectomy( removal of gall bladder )

·         Explain 3parts of diabetes:- polyuria , polydipsia, poly….

·         Write a short note on TSH hormone & thyroxine

·         Write a short note on the structure & function of the liver

·         Explain with a suitable flow diagram & example:-

(1)   positive feedback mechanism

(2)   negative feedback mechanism

·         feedback regulation of blood pressure

·         hypothalamus acts as a human thermostat. justify 

·         Early diagnosis of cretinism is essential for its cure

·         Epinephrin Vs norepinephrine

·         Why is feedback gain for a temp so high

·         A full-term newborn infant is abnormally small.  Is this most likely due to deficient growth hormone, deficient thyroid hormone, or deficiency in Utero nutrition?

·         A woman runs analyze of the levels of insulin and glucagons in her blood.

·         Explain why the set point in the thalamus increases as skin temperature decreases.

·         Origin of flatus in the small intestine

·         People eating cabbage develop goiter. Why?

·         Differentiate b/w cretinism & dwarfism ; T3 & T4 hormones

·         Regulation of insulin & glucagon secretion

 

Digestion

·         Which surgery would have the most devastating effect on digestion:-

(1)   removal of the pancreas

(2)   gastrectomy

(3)   cholecystectomy

·         if salivary glands were unable to secrete amylase. What effect would this have on starch digestion

·         serous membrane Vs mucous membrane of salivary gland

·         sphincter & valve differences

·         What is bolus of food & how it is formed in mouth

·         Salivary Vs pancreatic alpha-amylase

·         Comment upon digestion & absorption of lipids in the body

·         Gastric lipase is a weak lipase. Why?

·         What digestive functions do the component of pancreatic juice have? How is pancreatic juice secretion regularized